Mac Keyboard Shortcuts — Complete macOS Cheat Sheet

Every macOS shortcut with ⌘ ⌥ ⌃ ⇧ symbols explained: screenshots, window tiling, Finder, Safari and special characters.

Mac keyboard shortcuts (macOS) — freetoolsforweb.com

Last verified: 2026-10-18 against macOS 27 Golden Gate. 319 shortcuts.

Mac key symbols (as printed in macOS menus)

Command (Cmd)
Option (Alt)
Control (Ctrl)
Shift
Fn or Globe
Caps Lock
Delete (backspace)
Return
Esc
Tab

Search shortcuts or type keys

Essentials only

Showing all 319 shortcuts in 11 categories

Essentials: clipboard, undo, save and find#

Action	Mac	Copy
Copy the selection	`⌘ CmdCommandC plus C`
Cut the selection	`⌘ CmdCommandX plus X`
Paste	`⌘ CmdCommandV plus V`
Paste as plain text (without formatting)	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift⌘ Cmd plus CommandV plus V`Apple calls it "Paste and Match Style".
Open clipboard history	`⌘ CmdCommandSpace plus Space bar` then `⌘ CmdCommand4 plus 4`Opens Spotlight and searches its clipboard history. Spotlight clipboard search arrived in macOS Tahoe 26.
Undo	`⌘ CmdCommandZ plus Z`
Redo	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandZ plus Z`
Select all	`⌘ CmdCommandA plus A`
Find in the document or page	`⌘ CmdCommandF plus F`
Find the next match	`⌘ CmdCommandG plus G`
Find the previous match	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandG plus G`In the Finder, Cmd+Shift+G opens Go to Folder instead.
Find and replace	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandH plus H`Google Docs on Mac. Apple apps put Find & Replace under Edit > Find.
Save	`⌘ CmdCommandS plus S`
Save As / duplicate the document	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandS plus S`
Print	`⌘ CmdCommandP plus P`
Open a file	`⌘ CmdCommandO plus O`
New window or document	`⌘ CmdCommandN plus N`
New tab	`⌘ CmdCommandT plus T`
Close the tab or document	`⌘ CmdCommandW plus W`Cmd+W closes the front window when the app has no tabs. Option+Cmd+W closes all of the app’s windows.
Close the active window / quit the app	`⌘ CmdCommandQ plus Q`Cmd+Q quits the whole app, including all of its windows.
Bold	`⌘ CmdCommandB plus B`
Italic	`⌘ CmdCommandI plus I`
Underline	`⌘ CmdCommandU plus U`
Add or edit a link	`⌘ CmdCommandK plus K`
Refresh / reload	`⌘ CmdCommandR plus R`In Safari, Calendar and other apps. In the Finder, Cmd+R shows the original of an alias.
Open the app’s settings (preferences)	`⌘ CmdCommand, plus comma`
Open the context (right-click) menu	`⌃ ControlControlClick plus click`
Cancel / close a dialog	`escEscape`
Open Help	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command/ plus slash`Shift+Cmd+? opens the Help menu.
Check spelling	`⌘ CmdCommand; plus semicolon`or `⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command: plus colon`Cmd+; finds the next misspelled word; Shift+Cmd+: opens Spelling and Grammar.
Look up the selected word (definition)	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandD plus D`

Text navigation, selection and deletion#

Action	Mac	Copy
Move to the previous word	`⌥ OptionOption← plus Left arrow`
Move to the next word	`⌥ OptionOption→ plus Right arrow`Lands at the end of the next word.
Move to the start of the line	`⌘ CmdCommand← plus Left arrow`
Move to the end of the line	`⌘ CmdCommand→ plus Right arrow`
Move to the start of the document	`⌘ CmdCommand↑ plus Up arrow`
Move to the end of the document	`⌘ CmdCommand↓ plus Down arrow`
Page up	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe↑ plus Up arrow`Laptops have no Page Up key; Fn+Up acts as one.
Page down	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe↓ plus Down arrow`
Scroll to the beginning of the document	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe← plus Left arrow`Acts as the Home key: scrolls without moving the insertion point.
Scroll to the end of the document	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe→ plus Right arrow`Acts as the End key.
Extend the selection one character	`⇧ ShiftShift← plus Left arrow`or `⇧ ShiftShift→ plus Right arrow`
Extend the selection one line up or down	`⇧ ShiftShift↑ plus Up arrow`or `⇧ ShiftShift↓ plus Down arrow`
Select to the start of the word	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift← plus Left arrow`
Select to the end of the word	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift→ plus Right arrow`
Select to the start of the line	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command← plus Left arrow`
Select to the end of the line	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command→ plus Right arrow`
Select to the start of the document	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command↑ plus Up arrow`
Select to the end of the document	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command↓ plus Down arrow`
Select to the start of the paragraph	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift↑ plus Up arrow`
Select to the end of the paragraph	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift↓ plus Down arrow`
Delete the character before the cursor	`⌫ DeleteDelete`or `⌃ ControlControlH plus H`The Mac Delete key works like Backspace.
Forward delete (character after the cursor)	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌫ Delete plus Delete`or `⌃ ControlControlD plus D`Use these on keyboards without a Forward Delete key.
Delete the previous word	`⌥ OptionOption⌫ Delete plus Delete`
Indent / insert a tab	`⇥ TabTab`
Move to the start of the line or paragraph (Emacs style)	`⌃ ControlControlA plus A`
Move to the end of the line or paragraph (Emacs style)	`⌃ ControlControlE plus E`
Move one character forward	`→Right arrow`or `⌃ ControlControlF plus F`
Move one character backward	`←Left arrow`or `⌃ ControlControlB plus B`
Move up one line	`↑Up arrow`or `⌃ ControlControlP plus P`
Move down one line	`↓Down arrow`or `⌃ ControlControlN plus N`
Cut to the end of the paragraph (kill)	`⌃ ControlControlK plus K`Goes to a separate clipboard used only by that app; paste it back with Ctrl+Y.
Paste text cut with Ctrl+K (yank)	`⌃ ControlControlY plus Y`
Swap the characters either side of the cursor	`⌃ ControlControlT plus T`
Insert a new line after the cursor	`⌃ ControlControlO plus O`
Center the cursor or selection in the window	`⌃ ControlControlL plus L`
Align left	`⌘ CmdCommand{ plus left brace`
Align right	`⌘ CmdCommand} plus right brace`
Align center	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command\| plus vertical bar`
Copy / paste formatting (style)	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandC plus C`or `⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandV plus V`
Make the selected item bigger / smaller	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command+ plus Plus`or `⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command− plus Minus`Cmd+= also makes it bigger.

System, search and power#

Action	Mac	Copy
Search the computer	`⌘ CmdCommandSpace plus Space bar`Spotlight. In Spotlight, Cmd+1 to Cmd+4 narrow results to apps, files, actions or clipboard.
Lock the screen	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandQ plus Q`
Open Start / the app launcher	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⇧ Shift plus ShiftA plus A`Opens Apps in macOS Tahoe 26 and later (Launchpad in earlier versions).
Force quit a frozen app	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Commandesc plus Escape`Opens the Force Quit Applications window.
Sign out / log out	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandQ plus Q`Asks for confirmation. Option+Shift+Cmd+Q logs out immediately.
Show the shut down / restart dialog	`⌃ ControlControlPower plus Power button`On built-in keyboards without Touch ID.
Sleep	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandPower plus Power button`On built-in keyboards without Touch ID you can also hold the power button for 1.5 seconds.
Put the displays to sleep	`⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus ShiftPower plus Power button`Keyboards without Touch ID.
Force restart (without saving)	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandPower plus Power button`Keyboards without Touch ID. Unsaved work is lost.
Quit all apps and shut down	`⌃ ControlControl⌥ Option plus Option⌘ Cmd plus CommandPower plus Power button`Keyboards without Touch ID. Asks to save open documents.
Open notifications	`fn 🌐Fn or GlobeN plus N`Notification Center.
Open Quick Settings / Control Center	`fn 🌐Fn or GlobeC plus C`
Open the AI assistant	`⌘ CmdCommand` then `⌘ CmdCommand`Press Command twice to open Type to Siri.
Start dictation / voice typing	`fn 🌐Fn or GlobeD plus D`
Choose a display mode (project / mirror)	`⌘ CmdCommandBrightness Down plus Brightness Down key`Turns video mirroring on or off with more than one display.
Switch keyboard language / input source	`⌃ ControlControl⌥ Option plus OptionSpace plus Space bar`Next input source; Ctrl+Space selects the previous one.
Switch to the previous keyboard language	`⌃ ControlControlSpace plus Space bar`
Choose the sound output device	`⌥ OptionOptionVolume Up plus Volume Up key`Opens Sound settings (works with any volume key).
Adjust volume in smaller steps	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus ShiftVolume Up plus Volume Up key`or `⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus ShiftVolume Down plus Volume Down key`
Adjust brightness in smaller steps	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus ShiftBrightness Up plus Brightness Up key`or `⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus ShiftBrightness Down plus Brightness Down key`
Open display settings	`⌥ OptionOptionBrightness Up plus Brightness Up key`
Open keyboard settings	`⌥ OptionOptionKeyboard Brightness Up plus Keyboard Brightness Up key`
Create a Quick Note	`fn 🌐Fn or GlobeQ plus Q`
Ask Siri about the active window	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandSpace plus Space bar`macOS 27 or later with Siri AI (Beta) turned on.
Ask Siri about a selected area of the screen	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command6 plus 6`macOS 27 or later with Siri AI (Beta) turned on.

Windows, tiling, Mission Control and Spaces#

Action	Mac	Copy
Switch between open apps	`⌘ CmdCommand⇥ Tab plus Tab`Hold Cmd and keep pressing Tab. Switches apps; use Cmd+` for windows within an app.
Switch between windows of the same app	`⌘ CmdCommand`` plus grave accentThe key above Tab. Shift+Cmd+` goes the other way.
See all open windows (Task View / Mission Control)	`⌃ ControlControl↑ plus Up arrow`or `Mission Control (F3)Mission Control key`
Show all windows of the current app	`⌃ ControlControl↓ plus Down arrow`App Exposé.
Show the desktop	`⌘ CmdCommandMission Control (F3) plus Mission Control key`or `fn 🌐Fn or GlobeH plus H`or `fn 🌐Fn or GlobeF11 plus F11`
Minimize the window	`⌘ CmdCommandM plus M`
Minimize all windows of the front app	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandM plus M`
Minimize / hide all other windows	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandH plus H`Hides all other apps.
Hide the front app	`⌘ CmdCommandH plus H`
Maximize / fill the screen	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus ControlF plus F`"Fill" tiles the window to the whole desktop without full-screen mode. macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Snap / tile the window to the left half	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control← plus Left arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Snap / tile the window to the right half	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control→ plus Right arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Snap / tile the window to the top half	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control↑ plus Up arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Snap / tile the window to the bottom half	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control↓ plus Down arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Restore the window’s previous size	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus ControlR plus R`"Return to Previous Size", macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Center the window	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus ControlC plus C`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile two windows: active left, next right	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⇧ Shift plus Shift← plus Left arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile two windows: active right, next left	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⇧ Shift plus Shift→ plus Right arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile two windows: active top, next bottom	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⇧ Shift plus Shift↑ plus Up arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile two windows: active bottom, next top	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⇧ Shift plus Shift↓ plus Down arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile three windows: active left half, two on the right	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⌥ Option plus Option⇧ Shift plus Shift← plus Left arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile three windows: active right half, two on the left	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⌥ Option plus Option⇧ Shift plus Shift→ plus Right arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile three windows: active top half, two below	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⌥ Option plus Option⇧ Shift plus Shift↑ plus Up arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Tile three windows: active bottom half, two above	`fn 🌐Fn or Globe⌃ Control plus Control⌥ Option plus Option⇧ Shift plus Shift↓ plus Down arrow`macOS Sequoia 15 or later.
Enter or leave full screen	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandF plus F`or `fn 🌐Fn or GlobeF plus F`In apps that support full screen.
Switch to the desktop / Space on the left	`⌃ ControlControl← plus Left arrow`
Switch to the desktop / Space on the right	`⌃ ControlControl→ plus Right arrow`
Show or hide the Dock	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandD plus D`or `fn 🌐Fn or GlobeA plus A`

Screenshots and screen recording#

Action	Mac	Copy
Screenshot of a selected area	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command4 plus 4`Drag to select. Saves to the desktop. Hold Space while dragging to move the selection; Esc cancels.
Copy a selected area to the clipboard	`⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift⌘ Cmd plus Command4 plus 4`Adding Ctrl to any screenshot shortcut copies it instead of saving a file.
Screenshot of the whole screen, saved as a file	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command3 plus 3`Saved to the desktop.
Copy the whole screen to the clipboard	`⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift⌘ Cmd plus Command3 plus 3`
Screenshot of one window	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command4 plus 4` then `SpaceSpace bar`Then click the window. Hold Option while clicking to leave out the shadow.
Open the screenshot tools / options	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command5 plus 5`Screenshot app (macOS Mojave 10.14+): timer, save location, pointer, recording.
Record the screen (video)	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command5 plus 5`Choose Record Entire Screen or Record Selected Portion, then Record.
Cancel a screenshot in progress	`escEscape`
Capture an open menu	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command4 plus 4`Open the menu first, then drag over it. Or press Space and click the menu.

Finder#

Action	Mac	Copy
Open File Explorer / a new Finder window	`⌘ CmdCommandN plus N`With the Finder active. From anywhere, Option+Cmd+Space opens a Finder search window.
Open a file search window from anywhere	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandSpace plus Space bar`
Create a new folder	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandN plus N`
New folder containing the selected items	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandN plus N`
Rename the selected file	`↩ ReturnReturn`
Move the selected item to the Recycle Bin / Trash	`⌘ CmdCommand⌫ Delete plus Delete`
Empty the Trash	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command⌫ Delete plus Delete`or `⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift⌘ Cmd plus Command⌫ Delete plus Delete`Adding Option skips the confirmation.
Move files (cut and paste)	`⌘ CmdCommandC plus C` then `⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandV plus V`The Finder has no Cut for files: copy, then Option+Cmd+V moves them.
Duplicate the selected files	`⌘ CmdCommandD plus D`
Show properties / Get Info	`⌘ CmdCommandI plus I`
Show or hide the preview pane	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandP plus P`
Quick Look preview of the selected file	`SpaceSpace bar`or `⌘ CmdCommandY plus Y`
Quick Look slideshow of the selected files	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandY plus Y`
Go back to the previous folder	`⌘ CmdCommand[ plus left bracket`
Go forward	`⌘ CmdCommand] plus right bracket`
Go up to the parent folder	`⌘ CmdCommand↑ plus Up arrow`
Open the parent folder in a new window	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus Command↑ plus Up arrow`
Open the selected item	`⌘ CmdCommand↓ plus Down arrow`or `⌘ CmdCommandO plus O`
Type a folder path (address bar / Go to Folder)	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandG plus G`
Search in the current window	`⌘ CmdCommandF plus F`
View as icons	`⌘ CmdCommand1 plus 1`
View as a list / details	`⌘ CmdCommand2 plus 2`
View in columns	`⌘ CmdCommand3 plus 3`
View as a gallery	`⌘ CmdCommand4 plus 4`
Expand / collapse the selected folder	`→Right arrow`or `←Left arrow`List view only.
Open a new tab	`⌘ CmdCommandT plus T`
Close the tab	`⌘ CmdCommandW plus W`
Open the context menu for the selection	`⌃ ControlControlClick plus click`
Select several items	`⇧ ShiftShiftClick plus click`or `⌘ CmdCommandClick plus click`
Copy while dragging	`⌥ OptionOptionDrag plus drag`
Move while dragging	`⌘ CmdCommandDrag plus drag`Cmd moves instead of copying when dragging to another volume.
Create a shortcut / alias while dragging	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandDrag plus drag`
Make an alias of the selected item	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandA plus A`
Show the original of an alias	`⌘ CmdCommandR plus R`
Eject the selected disk	`⌘ CmdCommandE plus E`
Connect to a server	`⌘ CmdCommandK plus K`
Open the Home folder	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandH plus H`
Open the Desktop folder	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandD plus D`
Open the Documents folder	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandO plus O`
Open the Downloads folder	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandL plus L`
Open Recents	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandF plus F`
Open iCloud Drive	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandI plus I`
Open AirDrop	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandR plus R`
Open the Utilities folder	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandU plus U`
Open the Network window	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandK plus K`
Open the Computer window	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandC plus C`
Show or hide the path bar	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandP plus P`
Show or hide the sidebar	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandS plus S`
Show or hide the status bar	`⌘ CmdCommand/ plus slash`
Show view options	`⌘ CmdCommandJ plus J`
New Smart Folder	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandN plus N`
Add the selected item to the sidebar	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandT plus T`
Add the selected item to the Dock	`⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift⌘ Cmd plus CommandT plus T`

Web browsers (Chrome, Edge, Safari, Firefox)#

Action	Mac	Copy
Open a private (Incognito / InPrivate) windowChrome and Edge. Firefox uses Ctrl+Shift+P (Windows) and Cmd+Shift+P (Mac).	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandN plus N`
Reopen the last closed tab	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandT plus T`
Next tab	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Command→ plus Right arrow`or `⌃ ControlControl⇥ Tab plus Tab`Cmd+Option+Right in Chrome; Ctrl+Tab or Cmd+Shift+] in Safari.
Previous tab	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Command← plus Left arrow`or `⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift⇥ Tab plus Tab`Cmd+Option+Left in Chrome; Ctrl+Shift+Tab or Cmd+Shift+[ in Safari.
Go to tab 1–8	`⌘ CmdCommand1–8 plus 1 to 8`
Go to the last tab	`⌘ CmdCommand9 plus 9`
Close the browser window	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandW plus W`
Back	`⌘ CmdCommand[ plus left bracket`or `⌘ CmdCommand← plus Left arrow`Cmd+Left is Chrome only.
Forward	`⌘ CmdCommand] plus right bracket`or `⌘ CmdCommand→ plus Right arrow`Cmd+Right is Chrome only.
Reload, ignoring the cache (hard refresh)	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandR plus R`Chrome and Edge. In Safari Cmd+Shift+R opens Reader instead.
Jump to the address bar	`⌘ CmdCommandL plus L`
Search the web from anywhere on the page	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandF plus F`Chrome and Edge.
Add www. and .com to what you typed in the address bar	`⌃ ControlControl↩ Return plus Return`Chrome.
Open what you typed in the address bar in a new tab	`⌘ CmdCommand↩ Return plus Return`Opens in a background tab (Chrome, Safari).
Bookmark the page	`⌘ CmdCommandD plus D`
Bookmark all open tabs in a new folder	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandD plus D`Chrome and Edge. In Safari, Cmd+Shift+D adds the page to Reading List.
Show or hide the bookmarks (favorites) bar	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandB plus B`
Open the bookmark manager	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandB plus B`Chrome. Safari: Ctrl+Cmd+1 shows the bookmarks sidebar.
Open history	`⌘ CmdCommandY plus Y`
Open downloads	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandJ plus J`or `⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandL plus L`Cmd+Shift+J in Chrome, Cmd+Option+L in Edge.
Open developer tools	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandI plus I`
Open the JavaScript console	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandJ plus J`
View page source	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandU plus U`
Clear browsing data	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command⌫ Delete plus Delete`
Zoom in	`⌘ CmdCommand+ plus Plus`
Zoom out	`⌘ CmdCommand− plus Minus`
Reset zoom to 100%	`⌘ CmdCommand0 plus 0`
Open the home page	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandH plus H`
Scroll down / up one screen	`SpaceSpace bar`or `⇧ ShiftShiftSpace plus Space bar`
Go to the top / bottom of the page	`⌘ CmdCommand↑ plus Up arrow`or `⌘ CmdCommand↓ plus Down arrow`
Open a link in a new background tab	`⌘ CmdCommandClick plus click`
Open a link in a new tab and switch to it	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandClick plus click`
Open a link in a new window	`⇧ ShiftShiftClick plus click`Chrome. In Safari, Shift-click adds the link to Reading List.
Download the linked file	`⌥ OptionOptionClick plus click`
Stop loading the page	`escEscape`
Move the tab left or rightChrome.	`⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus ShiftPage Up plus Page Up`or `⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus ShiftPage Down plus Page Down`
Open split view in the active tabChrome.	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandN plus N`
Turn caret browsing on or offChrome and Edge.	`F7F7`
Switch profile or browse as a guest	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandM plus M`
Reader / Immersive Reader	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandR plus R`Safari Reader; Esc closes it.
Show all tabs as a grid	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command\ plus backslash`Safari tab overview.
Show or hide the Reading List	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus Command2 plus 2`Safari.

Accessibility and keyboard focus#

Action	Mac	Copy
Turn on the screen magnifier / zoom in	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Command+ plus Plus`Turn on "Use keyboard shortcuts to zoom" in Accessibility > Zoom first.
Zoom the magnifier out	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Command− plus Minus`
Turn the magnifier / zoom off (toggle)	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Command8 plus 8`Switches between zoomed in and zoomed out.
Turn the screen reader on or off	`⌘ CmdCommandF5 plus F5`VoiceOver. On some keyboards press Fn+Cmd+F5.
Open accessibility settings / shortcuts panel	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandF5 plus F5`Accessibility Shortcuts panel. On Macs with Touch ID, press Touch ID three times.
Invert colours	`⌃ ControlControl⌥ Option plus Option⌘ Cmd plus Command8 plus 8`Turn it on first in Keyboard > Keyboard Shortcuts > Accessibility.
Increase / reduce contrast	`⌃ ControlControl⌥ Option plus Option⌘ Cmd plus Command. plus period`or `⌃ ControlControl⌥ Option plus Option⌘ Cmd plus Command, plus comma`Turn it on first in Keyboard Shortcuts > Accessibility.
Move focus to the menu bar	`⌃ ControlControlF2 plus F2`Some keyboards need Fn+Ctrl+F2.
Move focus to the taskbar / Dock	`⌃ ControlControlF3 plus F3`
Move focus to the notification area / status menus	`⌃ ControlControlF8 plus F8`
Move focus to the active or next window	`⌃ ControlControlF4 plus F4`
Move focus to the window toolbar	`⌃ ControlControlF5 plus F5`
Move focus to a floating window	`⌃ ControlControlF6 plus F6`
Change whether Tab reaches all controls	`⌃ ControlControlF7 plus F7`
Move to the next / previous control	`⇥ TabTab`or `⇧ ShiftShift⇥ Tab plus Tab`
Move between tabs in a dialog	`⌃ ControlControl⇥ Tab plus Tab`or `⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift⇥ Tab plus Tab`

Emoji, symbols and accented letters#

Action	Mac	Copy
Open the emoji picker	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandSpace plus Space bar`or `fn 🌐Fn or GlobeE plus E`Character Viewer, with emoji and symbols. Type a word first (e.g. "heart") and press Fn+E for suggestions.
Type an accented letter (é, ñ, ü)	`EE`Press and hold the letter, then pick the accent from the menu (or press its number).
Acute accent: á é í ó ú	`⌥ OptionOptionE plus E` then `EE`Option+E, then the letter. U.S. and ABC layouts.
Grave accent: à è ì ò ù	`⌥ OptionOption`` plus grave accent then `EE`Option+`, then the letter.
Umlaut: ä ë ï ö ü	`⌥ OptionOptionU plus U` then `UU`Option+U, then the letter.
Circumflex: â ê î ô û	`⌥ OptionOptionI plus I` then `EE`Option+I, then the letter.
Tilde: ã ñ õ	`⌥ OptionOptionN plus N` then `NN`Option+N, then the letter.
Copyright sign ©	`⌥ OptionOptionG plus G`
Registered sign ®	`⌥ OptionOptionR plus R`
Trademark sign ™	`⌥ OptionOption2 plus 2`
Degree sign °	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift8 plus 8`
Euro sign €	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift2 plus 2`
Pound sign £	`⌥ OptionOption3 plus 3`
Yen sign ¥	`⌥ OptionOptionY plus Y`
Cent sign ¢	`⌥ OptionOption4 plus 4`
Section sign §	`⌥ OptionOption6 plus 6`
Micro sign µ	`⌥ OptionOptionM plus M`
Inverted question mark ¿	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift/ plus slash`
Guillemets « »	`⌥ OptionOption\ plus backslash`or `⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift\ plus backslash`
Plus-minus sign ±	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift= plus equals`
Not-equal sign ≠	`⌥ OptionOption= plus equals`
Division sign ÷	`⌥ OptionOption/ plus slash`
Infinity ∞	`⌥ OptionOption5 plus 5`
Pi π	`⌥ OptionOptionP plus P`
Bullet •	`⌥ OptionOption8 plus 8`
Ellipsis …	`⌥ OptionOption; plus semicolon`
En dash –	`⌥ OptionOption- plus hyphen`
Em dash —	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift- plus hyphen`
Curly double quotes “ ”	`⌥ OptionOption[ plus left bracket`or `⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift[ plus left bracket`
Curly single quotes ‘ ’	`⌥ OptionOption] plus right bracket`or `⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift] plus right bracket`
Apple logo	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus ShiftK plus K`Shows as the Apple logo only on Apple devices.
Non-breaking space	`⌥ OptionOptionSpace plus Space bar`

Terminal#

Action	Mac	Copy
New terminal tab	`⌘ CmdCommandT plus T`
New terminal window	`⌘ CmdCommandN plus N`
Close the pane or tab	`⌘ CmdCommandW plus W`
Split into panes	`⌘ CmdCommandD plus D`Shift+Cmd+D closes the split pane.
Find text in the terminal	`⌘ CmdCommandF plus F`
Copy in the terminal	`⌘ CmdCommandC plus C`
Paste in the terminal	`⌘ CmdCommandV plus V`
Stop the running command	`⌃ ControlControlC plus C`or `⌘ CmdCommand. plus period`Cmd+. is the same as Ctrl+C.
Make the font bigger / smaller	`⌘ CmdCommand+ plus Plus`or `⌘ CmdCommand− plus Minus`
Next / previous tab	`⌃ ControlControl⇥ Tab plus Tab`or `⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift⇥ Tab plus Tab`
Open terminal settings	`⌘ CmdCommand, plus comma`
Full screen	`⌃ ControlControl⌘ Cmd plus CommandF plus F`
Scroll one line up / down	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandPage Up plus Page Up`or `⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus CommandPage Down plus Page Down`
Scroll one page up / down	`⌘ CmdCommandPage Up plus Page Up`or `⌘ CmdCommandPage Down plus Page Down`
Scroll to the top / bottom	`⌘ CmdCommandHome plus Home`or `⌘ CmdCommandEnd plus End`
Clear the screen (scrollback)	`⌘ CmdCommandK plus K`"Clear to start".
Move to the start of the command line	`⌃ ControlControlA plus A`
Move to the end of the command line	`⌃ ControlControlE plus E`
Move one word left / right	`⌥ OptionOption← plus Left arrow`or `⌥ OptionOption→ plus Right arrow`
Delete the whole line	`⌃ ControlControlU plus U`
Delete to the end of the line	`⌃ ControlControlK plus K`
Delete the previous word	`⌃ ControlControlW plus W`

Google Docs formatting#

Action	Mac	Copy
Show all keyboard shortcuts	`⌘ CmdCommand/ plus slash`
Strikethrough	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandX plus X`
Superscript	`⌘ CmdCommand. plus period`
Subscript	`⌘ CmdCommand, plus comma`
Clear formatting	`⌘ CmdCommand\ plus backslash`
Apply heading 1–6	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Command1–6 plus 1 to 6`
Apply normal text	`⌥ OptionOption⌘ Cmd plus Command0 plus 0`
Numbered list	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command7 plus 7`
Bulleted list	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command8 plus 8`
Checklist	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus Command9 plus 9`
Justify	`⇧ ShiftShift⌘ Cmd plus CommandJ plus J`
Increase / decrease indent	`⌘ CmdCommand] plus right bracket`or `⌘ CmdCommand[ plus left bracket`
Insert a page break	`⌘ CmdCommand↩ Return plus Return`
Move the paragraph up / down	`⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift↑ plus Up arrow`or `⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus Shift↓ plus Down arrow`
Search the menus (tool finder)	`⌥ OptionOption/ plus slash`or `⌃ ControlControl⌥ Option plus OptionZ plus Z`
Switch to suggesting mode	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift⌘ Cmd plus CommandX plus X`
Switch to editing mode	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus Shift⌘ Cmd plus CommandZ plus Z`
Repeat the last action	`⌘ CmdCommandY plus Y`
Small caps	`⌥ OptionOption⇧ Shift plus ShiftK plus K`
Hide the menus (compact mode)	`⌃ ControlControl⇧ Shift plus ShiftF plus F`
Open the link under the cursor	`⌥ OptionOption↩ Return plus Return`

Sources (24 official pages)

Everything runs in your browser; searches are not sent anywhere. Shortcuts are checked against Microsoft, Apple and Google documentation. Browse all free tools.

Found a problem, or something that could be better? We read every message and we fix things quickly.

This Mac keyboard shortcuts cheat sheet covers macOS from the basics (⌘C, ⌘Tab, ⌘Space) to the ones hidden in menus and support pages: Fn+Ctrl+arrow keys to tile windows, ⌘⇧5 for screen recording, ⌥⌘Esc to force quit, Option+G for ©. Keys are drawn with the same symbols macOS prints in its menus, with a legend, so ⌥⇧⌘V stops looking like a puzzle. Search by task ("screenshot") or by keys ("cmd shift 4").

Every row was checked on 2026-10-18 against Apple Support for macOS 27 Golden Gate (Mac keyboard shortcuts, screenshots, window tiling, Spotlight, Safari and Terminal), and the notes say when a shortcut needs a newer macOS, such as the tiling shortcuts that arrived in macOS Sequoia 15. The Option-key characters come from the U.S. keyboard layout built into macOS; other layouts put them elsewhere. Shortcuts that only work in certain apps are marked.

How to use

Check the symbol legend: ⌘ is Command, ⌥ Option, ⌃ Control, ⇧ Shift, fn/🌐 the Globe key.
Search by action ("force quit") or type the keys in words ("cmd option esc", "option g").
Use the chips to show one group (Screenshots, Finder, Windows & desktops) or tick "Essentials only".
Click Copy to copy a shortcut, or the action name to share a link straight to it.
Press "Print / Save as PDF" for a two-column sheet; in the print dialog choose "Save as PDF".

Frequently asked questions

How do I take a screenshot on a Mac?

Press Shift-Command-3 for the whole screen or Shift-Command-4 and drag to capture an area. For one window, press Shift-Command-4, then the Space bar, then click the window (hold Option while clicking to leave out the shadow). Shift-Command-5 opens the Screenshot app with a timer, a choice of save location and screen recording. Screenshots save to the desktop; add Control to any of these (Control-Shift-Command-4) to copy to the clipboard instead.

What do the ⌘ ⌥ ⌃ ⇧ symbols mean?

⌘ is Command (Cmd), ⌥ is Option (labelled Alt on some keyboards), ⌃ is Control and ⇧ is Shift. Apple also uses ⇪ for Caps Lock, ⌫ for Delete, ↩ for Return, ⎋ for Esc and ⇥ for Tab, and Fn or 🌐 for the Globe key. So ⌥⌘Esc means hold Option and Command, then press Esc.

How do I copy and paste on a Mac?

Command-C copies, Command-X cuts and Command-V pastes. Option-Shift-Command-V pastes without the original formatting ("Paste and Match Style"). In the Finder, Command-C then Command-V copies a file; to move it instead, copy it and press Option-Command-V in the destination folder, because the Finder has no Cut for files.

How do I force quit an app on a Mac?

Press Option-Command-Esc to open the Force Quit Applications window, select the app and click Force Quit. If the whole Mac has stopped responding, press and hold the power button until it turns off; unsaved work in open apps is lost.

How do I tile windows side by side with the keyboard?

In macOS Sequoia 15 and later, press Fn-Control-Left Arrow or Right Arrow to move the front window to the left or right half, Fn-Control-Up or Down for the top or bottom half, Fn-Control-F to fill the screen, Fn-Control-C to center it and Fn-Control-R to return it to its previous size. Adding Shift (Fn-Control-Shift-Left Arrow) tiles the front window and the next one side by side. The same options are in the Window > Move & Resize menu.

What is the Globe (fn) key for?

On recent Apple keyboards the Fn key has a globe symbol and starts its own shortcuts: Fn-E opens emoji and symbols, Fn-A shows or hides the Dock, Fn-C opens Control Center, Fn-N Notification Center, Fn-Q a Quick Note, Fn-D dictation and Fn-Shift-A Apps (macOS Tahoe 26 and later). Held with the top-row keys it turns them into F1–F12, and it is part of the window tiling shortcuts.

Mac modifier keys and how macOS writes them

macOS menus show modifiers as symbols in a fixed order: Control ⌃, Option ⌥, Shift ⇧, Command ⌘, then the key. Command does what Ctrl does on Windows for nearly every app shortcut; Control is used for system and text-navigation shortcuts (Ctrl-Up for Mission Control, Ctrl-A for the start of a line); Option makes variants (Option-Command-H hides other apps) and types special characters.

With a keyboard made for Windows, Apple says to press Alt for Option and Ctrl or the Windows key for Command. To change what a modifier does, open System Settings > Keyboard > Keyboard Shortcuts > Modifier Keys and pick a different action per key, separately for each connected keyboard. A common fix for PC keyboards is to swap Option and Command so they sit where they do on an Apple keyboard.

Option-key characters on the U.S. keyboard

On the U.S. and ABC layouts, holding Option (and sometimes Shift) types symbols without opening any panel:

• – (en dash) Option-Hyphen · — (em dash) Option-Shift-Hyphen · … Option-Semicolon · • Option-8 · “ ” Option-[ and Option-Shift-[ · ‘ ’ Option-] and Option-Shift-]

• ≠ Option-Equals · ± Option-Shift-Equals · ÷ Option-Slash · ∞ Option-5 · π Option-P · µ Option-M · ¿ Option-Shift-Slash

Accents are dead keys: press Option-E, then a vowel for é, á, í; Option-U for ü; Option-I for ê; Option-N for ñ or ã; Option-` (grave) for è. Easier for occasional use: press and hold the letter and choose from the accent menu. Other layouts place these differently; open the Keyboard Viewer from the Input menu and hold Option to see yours.

How to create or change keyboard shortcuts on a Mac

Open System Settings > Keyboard > Keyboard Shortcuts. The sidebar groups the built-in shortcuts (Mission Control, Screenshots, Spotlight, Accessibility...); select a shortcut and press new keys to change it, or untick it to free the keys for an app.

To add a shortcut to any menu command, choose App Shortcuts, click +, pick the app (or All Applications), type the menu command exactly as it appears, and press the keys you want. For a command inside a submenu, type the path with -> between levels, for example Format->Font->Ligatures->Use Default in TextEdit. You can only add shortcuts for existing menu commands, not for actions like opening an app; for that, use the Shortcuts app.

Related free tools

Windows Keyboard Shortcuts — Every Windows 11 shortcut in one searchable, printable list: Win key, Snap, desktops, screenshots, File Explorer.
Windows to Mac Shortcuts — Every Windows shortcut next to its Mac equivalent, with the Ctrl-to-⌘ key mapping for people switching.
Typing Speed Test — Timed or word-count typing test with live WPM, accuracy, error highlighting and a speed chart.
Online Timer — Countdown timer with alarm, stopwatch with laps and a Pomodoro timer, with a big fullscreen display.
Word Counter — Count words, characters, sentences and reading time, and check X, LinkedIn, Instagram, YouTube, SEO and SMS limits as you type.